Technology of Fluoropolymers, Second Edition

by Drobny; Jiri George

• ISBN13: 9781420063172
• ISBN10: 1420063170
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-09-19
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Fully revised and updated, this second edition continues to provide industrial chemists, technologists, and engineers with the most accurate, compact, and practical source on fluoropolymers (such as Teflon). Highlighting new industrial, military, medical, and consumer goods applications, this edition adds more detailed information on equipment and processing conditions. It explores breakthroughs in understanding property-structure relationships, new polymerization techniques, and the chemistry underlying novel polymers, such as melt-processable fluoroplastics. It also expands upon critical environmental aspects of fluoropolymers, including heat degradation, health effects, and recycling.

Table of Contents

Preface to the First Edition	p. xiii
Preface to the Second Edition	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
About the Author	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
Basic Chemistry of Fluoropolymers	p. 7
Polytetrafluoroethylene	p. 7
Industrial Synthesis of Tetrafluoroethylene	p. 7
Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene	p. 8
Uses of Tetrafluoroethylene	p. 9
Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene	p. 9
Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (FEP)	p. 13
Industrial Synthesis of HFP	p. 13
Properties of HFP	p. 13
Industrial Process for the Production of FEP	p. 14
Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Resin	p. 14
Industrial Synthesis of Perfluoroalkyl Vinyl Ether Monomers	p. 14
Properties of Perfluoroalkylvinyl Ethers	p. 15
Industrial Process for the Production of Perfluoroalkoxy Resins	p. 15
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)	p. 15
Industrial Synthesis of Chlorotrifluoroethylene Monomer	p. 15
Properties of CTFE	p. 15
Industrial Process for the Production of PCTFE	p. 16
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)	p. 16
Industrial Synthesis of Vinylidene Fluoride Monomer	p. 16
Properties of Vinylidene Fluoride	p. 17
Industrial Process for the Production of PVDF	p. 17
Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)	p. 18
Industrial Synthesis of Vinyl Fluoride (VF) Monomer	p. 18
Industrial Process for the Production of PVF	p. 18
Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) Copolymer	p. 18
Industrial Process for the Production of ECTFE	p. 18
Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Copolymer	p. 19
Industrial Process for the Production of ETFE	p. 19
Terpolymers of TFE, HFP, and VDF (THV Fluoroplastic)	p. 19
Terpolymers of HFP, TFE, and Ethylene (Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, and Ethylene Fluoroplastic)	p. 20
Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 20
Industrial Process for the Production of Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 21
Fluorosilicones	p. 21
Industrial Process for the Production of Fluorosilicones	p. 22
Phosphazenes	p. 22
Properties of Commercial Fluoropolymers	p. 29
Properties as Related to the Structure of the Polymers	p. 29
Fluoroplastics	p. 29
Fluoroelastomers	p. 33
Properties of Individual Commercial Fluoropolymers	p. 34
Polytetrafluoroethylene	p. 34
Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Hexafluoropropylene (FEP)	p. 38
Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene and Perfluoroalkyl Ethers (PFA and MFA)	p. 41
Copolymers of Ethylene and Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)	p. 43
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)	p. 44
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)	p. 47
Copolymer of Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE)	p. 48
Terpolymer of Tetrafluoroethylene, Hexafluoropropylene, and Vinylidene (THV) Fluoride (THV Fluoroplastic)	p. 48
Terpolymer of Hexafluoropropylene, Tetrafluoroethylene, and Ethylene (HTE) Fluoroplastic	p. 49
Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)	p. 50
Processing and Applications of Commercial Fluoroplastics	p. 57
Processing of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)	p. 58
Processing of Granular Resins	p. 58
Processing of Fine Powders	p. 68
Applications for PTFE	p. 71
Processing of Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics	p. 74
Melt-Processible Perfluoroplastics	p. 74
Processing of Other Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics	p. 75
Copolymers of Ethylene and Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)	p. 75
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)	p. 76
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)	p. 77
Copolymers of Ethylene and Chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE)	p. 77
THV Fluoroplastics	p. 77
Applications for Melt-Processible Fluoroplastics	p. 78
Applications for FEP	p. 78
Applications for PFA and MFA	p. 78
Applications for Copolymers of Ethylene and Tetrafluoroethylene	p. 79
Applications for PVDF	p. 81
Applications for Polychlorotrifluoroethylene	p. 82
Applications for ECTFE	p. 83
Applications for THV Fluorothermoplastics	p. 86
Applications for HTE Fluorothermoplastics	p. 87
Processing and Applications of Polyvinylfluoride	p. 87
Processing of Polyvinyl Fluoride	p. 87
Applications for Polyvinyl Fluoride	p. 88
Properties, Processing, and Applications of Fluoroelastomers	p. 93
Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Properties Related to the Polymer Structure	p. 94
Cross-Linking Chemistry	p. 98
Formulation of Compounds from Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 101
Mixing and Processing of Compounds from Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 108
Solution and Latex Coating	p. 111
Curing	p. 112
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cured Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 113
Applications of FKM	p. 117
Applications of FFKM	p. 120
Applications of FKM in Coatings and Sealants	p. 122
Fluorosilicone Elastomers	p. 122
Introduction	p. 122
Polymerization	p. 123
Processing	p. 123
Properties	p. 124
Applications	p. 128
Toxicity and Safety	p. 128
Technology and Applications of Aqueous Fluoropolymer Systems	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
PTFE Dispersions	p. 134
Other Perfluoropolymer Dispersions	p. 135
FEP Dispersions	p. 135
PFA and MFA Dispersions	p. 135
Dispersions of Modified PTFE	p. 135
Dispersions of PTFE Micropowders	p. 136
Processing of PTFE Dispersions	p. 136
Impregnation	p. 136
Fabric Coating	p. 137
Cast Films	p. 142
Other Applications of PTFE Aqueous Dispersions	p. 147
Processing of Aqueous Dispersions of FEP and PFA/MFA	p. 147
Processing	p. 147
Applications	p. 148
Processing of Aqueous Dispersions of Polyvinylidene Fluoride	p. 148
Processing of PVDF Dispersions	p. 148
Applications of PVDF Aqueous Dispersions	p. 148
Aqueous Dispersions of THV Fluoroplastics	p. 148
Processing of THV Dispersions	p. 148
Applications of THV Dispersions	p. 148
Fluorocarbon Elastomers in Latex Form, Processing and Applications	p. 149
Health and Safety	p. 149
Other Fluoropolymers	p. 151
Amorphous Fluoropolymers	p. 151
Applications of Amorphous Perfluoropolymers	p. 154
Fluorinated Acrylates	p. 154
Applications of Fluorinated Acrylates	p. 154
Fluorinated Polyurethanes	p. 156
Applications of Fluorinated Polyurethanes	p. 156
Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 160
Applications of Fluorinated Thermoplastic Elastomers	p. 161
Copolymers of Chlorotrifluoroethylene and Vinyl Ether	p. 162
Applications of Copolymers of CTFE and Vinyl Ether	p. 162
Perfluorinated Ionomers	p. 163
Modified Polytetrafluoroethylene	p. 164
PTFE Micropowders	p. 164
Effects of Heat, Radiation, and Environment on Fluoropolymers	p. 171
Effects of Heat	p. 171
Thermal Degradation of Perfluoroplastics	p. 171
Thermal Degradation of Other Fluoroplastics	p. 172
Thermal Degradation of Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 173
Thermal Degradation of Fluorosilicones	p. 173
Effects of Ionizing Radiation	p. 173
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on PTFE, FEP, and PFA/MFA (Methylfluoroalkoxy)	p. 174
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Other Fluoroplastics	p. 175
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Fluorocarbon Elastomers	p. 176
Effects of UV Radiation	p. 176
Recycling of Fluoropolymers	p. 181
Safety, Hygiene, and Disposal of Fluoropolymers	p. 183
Safety and Disposal of Fluoroplastics	p. 183
Toxicology of Fluoropolastics	p. 183
Thermal Behavior of Fluoroplastics	p. 183
Medical Applications	p. 185
Food Contact	p. 185
Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods for Fluoroplastics	p. 185
Safety and Disposal of Fluoroelastomers	p. 186
Safety and Hygiene in the Processing of Fluoroelastomers	p. 186
Safety and Hygiene in the Use of Fluoroelastomers	p. 186
Disposal of Production and Post-Consumer Fluoroelastomer Scrap	p. 186
New Developments and Current Trends	p. 187
New Developments and Trends in Chemistry and Processing	p. 187
New Developments in Polymerization	p. 187
New Developments in Processing	p. 189
New Developments and Trends in Applications	p. 190
Automotive Industry	p. 190
Aerospace Industry	p. 191
Telecommunications	p. 191
Other Applications	p. 191
Environmental Issues Regarding Fluorinated Substances	p. 191
Environmental Issues Involving Perfluorooctanoic Acid	p. 193
Trade Names of Common Commercial Fluoropolymers	p. 195
Acronyms and Abbreviations	p. 197
Glossary of Terms	p. 199
Fluoropolymer Bibliography	p. 205
Properties of PTFE Resins	p. 207
Properties of Melt-Processible Fluoropolymers	p. 213
Recent U.S. Patents	p. 217
Index	p. 219
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