World's History Vol. 1 : To 1500

by Spodek, Howard

• ISBN13: 9780131773165
• ISBN10: 013177316X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

: A true exploration of world history, this book links chronology, themes, and geography in eight units, or parts of study, each emphasizes a single themeorigins, cities, empires, religion, trade, migrations, revolutions, and technology. : As in the first two editions, this book focuses throughout on three major questionsWhat do we know? How do we know it? What difference does it make?but the organization has changed, giving each feature a clearer place. Rich in primary sourcesboth written and visualand in data and interpretation, it addresses how historians form, debate, and revise our historical understanding of the world, shows the value of other disciplines in understanding history, and helps readers begin to assess their own place in the ongoing history of the world. MARKET: A great resource for the professional historian.

Table of Contents

Preface	1	(6)
Introduction: The World Through Historians' Eyes	7
Part 1 Human Origins and Human Cultures 5 million B.C.E.--10,000 B.C.E.
Building an Interpretive Framework: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?	2	(3)
The Dry Bones Speak 5 million B.C.E.--10,000 B.C.E.	5	(445)
Human Origins in Myth and History	5	(1)
Early Myths	5	(2)
The Evolutionary Explanation	7	(2)
The New Challenges	9	(1)
Fossils and Fossil Hunters	10	(1)
The Puzzling Neanderthals	10	(2)
Homo erectus: A Worldwide Wanderer	12	(1)
The Search Shifts to Africa	12	(1)
Homo habilis	13	(1)
Australopithecus afarensis	14	(1)
The Debate over African Origins	15	(3)
Reading the Genetic Record	18	(1)
The Theory of Scientific Revolution	19	(1)
Humans Create Culture	20	(1)
Biological Evolution and Cultural Creativity	20	(2)
How Do We Know? Dating Archaeological Finds	22	(1)
How Did We Survive?	22	(1)
Global Migration	23	(2)
Increased Population and New Settlements	25	(2)
How Do We Know? Man the Hunter or Woman the Gatherer?	26	(1)
Changes in the Toolkit	27	(2)
Language and Communication	29	(1)
Cave Art and Portable Art	29	(3)
Agriculture: From Hunter-gatherer to Farmer	32	(1)
The Story of Prehistory: What Difference Does It Make?	33	(3)
Turning Point: The Agricultural Village	36	(4)
Part 2 Settling Down 10,000 B.C.E.--1000 C.E.
The First Cities and Why They Matter: Digs, Texts, and Interpretations	40	(3)
From Village Community to City-State 10,000 B.C.E.--750 B.C.E.
Food First: The Agricultural Village	43	(1)
The Agricultural Village	44	(2)
The First Cities	46	(2)
Sumer: The Birth of the City	48	(1)
The Growth of the City-State	49	(2)
Religion: The Priesthood and the City	51	(1)
Occupational Specialization and Class Structure	52	(1)
Arts and Invention	52	(1)
Trade and Markets: Wheeled Cart and Sailboat	53	(1)
Monumental Architecture and Adornment	54	(1)
Writing	54	(2)
How Do We Know? Decoding Sumerian Writing	56	(1)
Achievements in Literature and Law	56	(5)
Source: The Epic of Gilgamesh	57	(2)
Source: The Code of Hammurabi	59	(1)
How Do We Know? Some Modern Critiques of Early Urbanization	60	(1)
The First Cities: What Difference Do They Make?	61	(4)
River Valley Civilizations 7000 B.C.E.--750 B.C.E.
The Nile and the Indus	65	(1)
Egypt: The Gift of the Nile	65	(1)
Earliest Egypt: Before the Kings	66	(1)
The Written Record	67	(1)
Unification and the Rule of the Kings	68	(1)
The Gods, The Unification of Egypt, and the Afterlife	69	(1)
How Do We Know? Written Texts and Archaeological Excavations	69	(1)
Cities of the Dead	70	(1)
The Growth of Cities	71	(2)
Monumental Architecture of the Old Kingdom: Pyramids and Fortresses	73	(3)
The Disintegration of the Old Kingdom	76	(1)
Source: The Egyptian Book of the Dead and the ``Negative Confession''	77	(1)
The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom	77	(1)
Akhetaten, Capital City of King Akhenaten	78	(1)
The Indus Valley Civilization and Its Mysteries	79	(1)
The Roots of the Indus Valley Civilization	79	(1)
The Design and Construction of Well-planned Cities	80	(1)
Crafts and the Arts	80	(1)
Carefully Planned Cities	81	(2)
Questions of Interpretation	83	(1)
Legacies of the Harappan Civilization	83	(1)
How Do We Know? The Decline of Harappan Civilization	84	(1)
The Cities of the Nile and the Indus: What Difference Do They Make?	84	(5)
A Polycentric World 1700 B.C.E.--1000 C.E.
Cities and States in East Asia, The Americas, and West Africa	89	(1)
China: The Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties	89	(1)
The Earliest Villages	89	(1)
The Beginnings of State Formation	90	(1)
Early Evidence of Writing	91	(1)
Historical Evidence of the Xia Dynasty	92	(1)
How Do We Know? Ancient China	92	(1)
Similarities Among the Three Dynasties	93	(1)
City and State under the Shang and Zhou	94	(1)
Source: The Cosmo-Magical City	94	(1)
Early Royal Capitals	95	(1)
Anyang: The Last Shang Capital	95	(1)
The Zhou Dynasty	96	(1)
The Western Hemisphere: Mesoamerica and South America	97	(1)
Origins: Migration and Agriculture	98	(1)
Mesoamerican Urbanization: The First Stages	98	(2)
Olmec Civilization along the Gulf Coast	100	(1)
Zapotec Civilization in the Oaxaca Valley	100	(1)
The Urban Explosion: Teotihuacan	101	(2)
Successor States in the Valley of Mexico	103	(1)
The Rise and Fall of the Maya	103	(1)
The Great City of Tikal	103	(2)
Source: The Popol Vuh	105	(1)
Maya Civilization in Decline	105	(1)
How Do We Know? Great-Jaguar-Paw: Mayan King of Tikal	106	(1)
Urbanization in South America	106	(1)
How Do We Know? The Mysteries of Maya Writing	107	(1)
Coastal Settlements and Networks	107	(1)
The Moche	108	(1)
The Chimu	108	(1)
Urbanization in the Andes Mountains	109	(1)
The Chavin	109	(1)
The Tiwanaku, Huari, and Nazca	109	(1)
The Inca	110	(1)
Agricultural Towns in North America	110	(1)
West Africa: The Niger River Valley	111	(1)
West Africa before Urbanization	112	(1)
Jenne-jeno: A New Urban Pattern?	113	(1)
State Formation?	114	(1)
The First Cities: What Difference Do They Make?	115	(3)
Turning Point: From City-State to Empire	118	(4)
Part 3 Empire and Imperialism 2000 B.C.E.--1100 C.E.
What are Empires and Why are they Important?	122	(3)
Dawn of the Empires 2000 B.C.E.--300 B.C.E.
Empire-building in North Africa, West Asia, and the Mediterranean	125	(1)
The Meaning of Empire	125	(2)
The Earliest Empires	127	(1)
Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent	127	(1)
Sargon of Akkad	127	(1)
Waves of Invaders: The Babylonians and the Hittites	128	(1)
The Assyrians	129	(2)
Egypt and International Conquest	131	(1)
The Art of Palace and Temple	132	(1)
The End of Empire	133	(1)
The Persian Empire	134	(1)
Persian Expansion	134	(2)
Imperial Policies	136	(1)
Cyrus II	136	(1)
Cambyses II	137	(1)
Darius I	137	(1)
Symbols of Power	138	(1)
The Greek City-States	139	(1)
Early City-States of the Aegean	139	(1)
The Minoans	139	(2)
How Do We Know? Discovering Troy and Mycenae	139	(2)
The Myceneans	141	(1)
The Greek Polis: Image and Reality	141	(2)
Source: Homer and the Value System of Early Greece	142	(1)
Athens and the Development of Democracy	143	(3)
War with Persia	146	(1)
Athens: from City-State to Mini-Empire	147	(1)
The Golden Age of Athenian Culture	148	(1)
Historians	148	(1)
Philosophers	149	(1)
Dramatists	149	(1)
Source: Socrates on the Rights of the State over the Individual	150	(1)
The Limits of City-State Democracy	150	(3)
The Peloponnesian War	153	(1)
Source: Pericles' Funeral Oration	153	(1)
The Empire of Alexander the Great	154	(1)
The Conquests of Philip	154	(1)
The Reign of Alexander the Great	155	(2)
How Do We Know? Evaluating Alexander the Great	157	(1)
The Legacy of Alexander: The Hellenistic Ecumene	157	(2)
Empire-Building: What Difference Does It Make?	159	(4)
Rome and the Barbarians 750 B.C.E.--500 C.E.
The Rise and Fall of Empire	163	(1)
From Hill Town to Empire	163	(1)
The Founding of the Roman Republic	163	(2)
The Conquest of Italy	165	(1)
The Conquest of Carthage and the Western Mediterranean	165	(2)
Subsequent Expansion	167	(3)
Source: Artifactual Records	169	(1)
Institutions of Empire	170	(1)
Patrons and Clients	170	(2)
How Do We Know? Contemporary Historians Evaluate the History of Rome	171	(1)
The Roman Family	172	(1)
Class and Class Conflict	172	(1)
The Struggle of the Orders	173	(1)
Urban Splendor and Squalor	173	(1)
Attempts at Reform	174	(1)
``Bread and Circuses''	175	(1)
Slaves and Slave Revolts	175	(1)
Military Power	176	(2)
Generals in Politics	178	(3)
Source: The Legacy and Epitaph of August Caesar	180	(1)
The End of the Republic	181	(1)
How Do We Know? Roman Law: Theory and Practice	182	(1)
Economic Policies of the Empire	182	(2)
Supplying Rome	184	(1)
Building Cities	184	(1)
Luxury Trades	184	(3)
Cultural Policies of the Empire	187	(1)
Greco-Roman Culture	187	(1)
Stoicism	188	(1)
Religion in the Empire	189	(2)
Christianity Triumphant	191	(1)
The Barbarians and the Fall of the Roman Empire	191	(1)
Invaders at the Gates	191	(3)
How Do We Know? The ``Barbarians'': Chinese Sources	194	(1)
The Decline and Dismemberment of the Roman Empire	194	(1)
The Crisis of the Third Century	195	(1)
The Fragmentation of Authority	195	(1)
Causes of the Decline and Fall	196	(2)
The Empire in the East	198	(1)
Resurgence under Justinian	198	(1)
Religious Struggles	198	(2)
A Millennium of Byzantine Strength	200	(1)
The Legacy of the Roman Empire: What Difference Does It Make?	200	(5)
China 200 B.C.E.--900 C.E.
Fracture and Unification: The Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang Dynasties	205	(1)
The Qin Dynasty	205	(1)
Military Power and Mobilization	205	(2)
Economic Power	207	(1)
Administrative Power	207	(1)
Competing Ideologies of Empire	208	(1)
Confucianism	208	(3)
Source: Confucius and The Analects	210	(1)
Legalism	211	(1)
Daoism	211	(2)
The Struggle between Legalism and Confucianism	213	(1)
The Mandate of Heaven	214	(1)
The Fall of the Qin Dynasty	214	(1)
The Han Dynasty	215	(1)
A Confucian Bureaucracy	215	(1)
Source: Treatises about Women in Han Society	216	(1)
Military Power and Diplomacy	216	(2)
How Do We Know? The Grand Historians	217	(1)
Population and Migration	218	(1)
Economic Power	219	(1)
Fluctuations in Administrative Power	220	(1)
An Interregnum	220	(1)
A Weakened Han Dynasty	221	(1)
Peasant Revolt and the Fall of the Han	221	(1)
Disintegration and Reunification	222	(1)
Ecology and Culture	222	(1)
Buddhism Reaches China	223	(1)
Reunification under the Sui and Tang Dynasties	224	(1)
The Short-lived Sui Dynasty	224	(1)
Arts and Technology under the Tang Dynasty	225	(4)
How Do We Know? Poetry as a Source for History	229	(1)
Imperial China	229	(1)
The West and Northwest	230	(1)
The South and Southwest	230	(1)
Vietnam	230	(1)
Korea	231	(1)
Japan	232	(1)
Immigration and Cultural Influences	232	(2)
Legacies for the Future: What Difference Do They Make?	234	(7)
Indian Empires 1500 B.C.E.--1100 C.E.
Cultural Cohesion in a Divided Subcontinent	241	(1)
New Arrivals in South Asia	241	(1)
The Spread of Aryan Settlement	242	(1)
Written Texts	242	(1)
The Vedas	242	(1)
How Do We Know? Pottery and Philology	242	(1)
The Mahabharata and the Ramayana	243	(3)
The Establishment of States	246	(1)
The Empires of India	247	(1)
The Maurya Empire	247	(1)
Government under the Maurya Dynasty	247	(3)
Source: Asoka, India's Buddhist Emperor	249	(1)
Asoka, India's Buddhist Emperor	250	(1)
Successor States Divide the Empire	250	(1)
The Gupta Empire	251	(1)
A Golden Age of Learning	252	(1)
The Resurgence of Hinduism	253	(1)
Invasions End the Age of Empires	254	(1)
The Hunas and their Legacy	254	(1)
Regional Diversity and Power	255	(2)
Source: Tamil Culture in Southeast India	256	(1)
How Do We Know? Coins and Excavations	257	(1)
Sea Trade and Cultural Influence: From Rome to Southeast Asia	257	(1)
Southeast Asia: ``Greater India''	257	(2)
India, China, and Rome: Empires and Intermediate Institutions	259	(1)
Sources	260	(1)
Administration	260	(1)
International Relations	260	(1)
Invasion of the Hunas	260	(1)
Local Institutions and the State	261	(1)
Indian Empires: What Difference Do They Make?	261	(3)
Turning Point: Politics and Religion	264	(4)
Part 4 The Rise of World Religions 2500 B.C.E.--1500 C.E.
Not by Bread Alone: Religion in World History	268	(3)
Hinduism and Buddhism 1500 B.C.E.--1200 C.E.
The Sacred Subcontinent: The Spread of Religion in India and Beyond	271	(1)
Examining Religious Beliefs	271	(2)
Hinduism	273	(1)
The Origins of Hinduism	273	(1)
Sacred Geography and Pilgrimage	274	(1)
The Central Beliefs of Hinduism	275	(1)
The Rigveda	275	(1)
Caste	275	(3)
The Brahamanas and Upanishads	278	(1)
The Great Epics	279	(2)
Source: The Bhagavad-Gita from the Mahabharata	281	(1)
The Puranas	281	(1)
Temples and Shrines	282	(1)
Religion and Rule	283	(1)
Hinduism in Southeast Asia	284	(1)
How Do We Know? Hinduism in Southeast Asia	285	(1)
Buddhism	285	(1)
The Origins of Buddhism	286	(1)
The Life of the Buddha	286	(1)
Source: The Address to Sigala: Buddhism in Everyday Life	287	(1)
The Sangha	287	(1)
The Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism	288	(2)
The Decline of Buddhism in India	290	(2)
Jainism	292	(1)
Buddhism in China	293	(1)
Arrival in China: The Silk Route	293	(1)
Relations with Daoism and Confucianism	294	(1)
Buddhism under the Tang Dynasty	294	(2)
Source: The Transience of Life: A Woman's Perspective from the Tang Dynasty	295	(1)
Buddhism's Decline in China	296	(1)
Buddhism in Japan	297	(1)
Buddhism's Arrival in Japan	297	(1)
Buddhism's Role in Unifying Japan	298	(1)
Japanese Buddhism Develops New Forms	299	(2)
Lasting Buddhist Elements in Japanese Society	301	(1)
Comparing Hinduism and Buddhism	301	(1)
Hinduism and Buddhism: What Difference Do They Make?	302	(5)
Judaism and Christianity 1700 B.C.E.--1100 C.E.
Peoples of the Bible: God's Evolution in West Asia and Europe	307	(2)
Judaism	309	(1)
The Sacred Scriptures	309	(2)
Essential Beliefs of Judaism in Early Scriptures	311	(1)
Source: The Ten Commandments	312	(1)
The Later Books of Jewish Scripture	312	(1)
Rule by Judges and by Kings	313	(1)
The Teachings of the Prophets: Morality and Hope	314	(1)
The Evolution of the Image of God	315	(2)
Patriarchy and Gender Relations	317	(1)
Defeat, Exile, and Redefinition	317	(2)
Minority-Majority Relations in the Diaspora	319	(2)
Christianity	321	(1)
Christianity Emerges from Judaism	321	(3)
How Do We Know? The Search for the Historical Jesus	323	(1)
Jesus' Life, Teachings, and Disciples	324	(1)
Adapting Rituals to New Purposes	324	(1)
Overturning the Old Order	324	(1)
Source: The Beatitudes from the Sermon on the Mount	324	(1)
Jesus and the Jewish Establishment	325	(1)
Miracles and Resurrection	325	(1)
The Growth of the Early Church	325	(1)
Paul Organizes the Early Church	326	(1)
The Christian Calendar	327	(1)
Gender Relations	327	(1)
From Persecution to Triumph	328	(1)
The Conversion of Constantine	329	(1)
How Had Christianity Succeeded?	329	(2)
How Do We Know? Explanations for the Spread of Christianity	330	(1)
Doctrine: Definition and Dispute	331	(1)
Battles over Dogma	332	(1)
Christianity in the Wake of Empire	332	(1)
The Conversion of the Barbarians	333	(1)
Decentralized Power and Monastic Life	333	(2)
The Church Divides into East and West	335	(1)
The Split between Rome and Constantinople	335	(1)
New Areas Adopt Orthodox Christianity	336	(1)
Christianity in Western Europe	336	(2)
The Pope Allies with the Franks	338	(1)
Source: Charlemagne and Harun-al-Rashid	339	(1)
Charlemagne Revives the Idea of Empire	339	(2)
The Attempt at Empire Fails	341	(1)
Early Christianity: What Difference Does It Make?	341	(4)
Islam 570 C.E.--1500 C.E.
Submission to Allah: Muslim Civilization Bridges the World	345	(1)
The Origins of Islam	345	(1)
The Prophet: His Life and Teaching	346	(1)
The Five Pillars of Islam	347	(2)
Responses to Muhammad	349	(1)
How Do We Know? Sources on Early Islam	350	(1)
The Hijra and the Islamic Calendar	350	(1)
Muhammad Extends his Authority	351	(1)
Connections to Other Monotheistic Faiths	351	(3)
How Do We Know? Gender Relations in Islam	352	(2)
Successors to the Prophet	354	(1)
Civil War: Religious Conflict and the Sunni-Shi'a Division	355	(2)
The Umayyad Caliphs Build an Empire	357	(2)
The Third Civil War and the Abbasid Caliphs	359	(1)
The Weakening of the Caliphate	359	(1)
The Emergence of Quasi-Independent States	359	(1)
Seljuk Turks and their Sultanate	360	(1)
The Mongols and the Destruction of the Caliphate	361	(1)
Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering	362	(1)
Islam Reaches New Peoples	363	(1)
India	363	(2)
Southeast Asia	365	(1)
Sub-Saharan Africa	365	(2)
Law Provides an Institutional Foundation	367	(1)
Sufis Provide Religious Mysticism	368	(1)
The Role of Mysticism	368	(2)
Source: Al-Ghazzali, ``the Renewer of Islam''	369	(1)
Intellectual Achievements	370	(1)
History	370	(1)
Philosophy	371	(1)
Mathematics, Astronomy, and Medicine	372	(1)
The Extension of Technology	372	(1)
City Design and Architecture	373	(3)
Relations with Non-Muslims	376	(1)
Dhimmi Status	376	(1)
The Crusades	376	(2)
A Golden Age in Spain	378	(2)
How Do We Know? Conversion and Assimilation	380	(1)
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: What Difference Do They Make?	380	(5)
Turning Point: Religion and Trade	385	(3)
Part 5 The Movement of Goods and Peoples 1000--1776
Channels of Communication: The Exchange of Commodities, Diseases, and Culture	388	(3)
Establishing World Trade Routes 1000--1500
The Geography and Philosophies of Early Economic Systems	391	(1)
World Trade: An Historical Analysis	391	(2)
Trade Networks	393	(1)
Trade in the Americas Before 1500	394	(1)
Trade in the Inca Empire	394	(2)
Trade in Central America and Mexico	396	(1)
Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa	397	(1)
West Africa	397	(2)
East Africa	399	(1)
Muslim and Jewish Traders	400	(1)
Jewish Traders	400	(1)
Muslim Traders	401	(1)
How Do We Know? The Records in the Cairo Genizah	402	(1)
Asia's Complex Trade Patterns	402	(1)
The Polynesians of the South Pacific	402	(1)
Malay Sailors in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean	403	(1)
Sailors and Merchants of the Indian Ocean	404	(4)
Source: The Arabian Nights	407	(1)
China	408	(1)
International Trade	408	(3)
Source: Chinese Ships in South Indian Harbors: An Account by Ibn Battuta	410	(1)
Internal Trade	411	(3)
Source: River Trade in China	413	(1)
The Mongols	414	(1)
The ``Pax Mongolica''	414	(3)
How Do We Know? The Mongol Empire	415	(2)
Chinggis Khan	417	(2)
The End of the Mongol Empire	419	(1)
Plague and the Trade Routes	419	(1)
From Mongol to Ming: Dynastic Transition	420	(1)
Legacies to the Present: What Difference Do They Make?	421	(4)
European Visions 1100--1776
Economic Growth, Religion and Renaissance, Global Connections	425	(1)
The Atlantic	425	(1)
The Decline of Trade in the Mediterranean	426	(4)
Trade and Social Change in Europe	430	(1)
Guilds and City-states Confront Rural Aristocrats	430	(1)
Economic and Social Conflict within the City	430	(3)
How Do We Know? Fernand Braudel Begins the Historical Study of Oceans	431	(2)
New Directions in Philosophy and Learning	433	(3)
How Do We Know? Islamic Influences on the European Renaissance	435	(1)
Disasters of the Fourteenth Century: Famine, Plague, and War	436	(1)
Source: Giovanni Boccaccio Describes the Plague	437	(1)
Social Unrest Follows the Plague	437	(1)
The Renaissance	438	(1)
New Artistic Styles	438	(2)
Developments in Technology	440	(1)
The Church Revises its Economic Policies	441	(1)
A New World	442	(5)
Source: The Journal of Columbus' First Voyage to the Americas	446	(1)
Oceania	447	(1)
Legacies to the Future: What Difference Do They Make?	447	(3)
Glossary	450	(5)
Index	455